Phonemic inventory
Consonants
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Stop p b t d tˤ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ʃˤ k g kˤ
Fricative f v s z ʃ ʒ χ ʁ
Resonant r j w
Vowels
Front Central Back
High i u
Low a
Syllable structure
(C1)V(C2)
C1: a consonant
V: a vowel
C2: one of /m n ɲ ŋ p t tˤ k kˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ f s ʃ χ r j w/
Allophony
Vowels and semivowels other than [a], i.e. [j w i u], persistently become lax [ɪ̯ ʊ̯ ɪ ʊ] before a pharyngealised stop.
Non-glottal stop non-glottal fricative obstruents [p g v ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent.
Tense vowels and semivowels [j w i u] persistently become lax [ɪ̯ ʊ̯ ɪ ʊ] after a pharyngealised stop.
Between a vowel or semivowel and a vowel or semivowel, [ʒ] become [j]; [ʁ] are deleted; [v] become [w].
Nasals [m n ɲ ŋ] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
Non-pharyngealised dorsal obstruents or nasals other than [ɲ], i.e. [ŋ k χ ...], become palatal [ɲ c ç ...] before a non-low front vowel or a high palatal semivowel. Uvular obstruents or nasals become palatal.
[a] become [ɑ] before a pharyngealised stop.
Non-pharyngealised non-palatal consonants other than uvular consonants or semivowels [m b f ...] become front [mʲ bʲ fʲ ...] after a palatal consonant except for a semivowel. Apical consonants other than [r] become alveopalatal laminal; [t d] become [t͡ɕ d͡ʑ]; [r] become [ɾʲ].
Velar or uvular stops or nasals other than [ɴ], i.e. [ŋ k kˤ ...], become uvular [ɴ q qˤ ...] before a non-front non-high vowel.
Velar or uvular obstruents or nasals [ŋ kˤ qˤ ...] persistently assimilate in uvularity to a following dorsal obstruent or nasal.
Obstruents [p gˤ fʲ ...] assimilate in voice to a following obstruent and become voiceless word-finally.
Palatal obstruents or nasals [ʝ ç ɟ ...] persistently become alveopalatal [ʑ ɕ d͡ʑ ...] before a palatoalveolar obstruent or nasal. Stops become affricates.
Palatoalveolar stops or nasals [t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ṉʲ ...] persistently become non-affricate non-coronal palatal [c ɟ ɲ ...] before a palatal obstruent or nasal.
High vowels and semivowels [j w u ...] become non-high [e̯ o̯ o ...] after a pharyngealised stop.
Non-high vowels [e ɛ a ...] become nasal [ẽ ɛ̃ ã ...] before a nasal.
Coronal consonants [n t͡ʃ z ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant.
Front vowels and semivowels [j ɛ̯ e ...] become central [∅ ∅ ɘ ...] before a back semivowel. Semivowels are deleted.
Some words
/zukʃi/ [zukʃi]
/siziχ/ [siziχ]
/siχi/ [siçi]
/tuputˤ/ [tupʊtˤ]
/d͡ʒaχak/ [d͡ʒaχak]
/nukd͡ʒak/ [nukt͡ʃak]
/kˤat͡ʃsukˤ/ [qˤat͡ʃ̺sʊkˤ]
/siwa/ [sɨwa]
/paŋak/ [pãɴak]
/susa/ [susa]
/mufkˤa/ [mufqˤa]
/tˤiχu/ [tˤɛχu]
/naŋta/ [nãnta]
/saka/ [saqa]
/rakˤa/ [rɑqˤa]
/kukna/ [kukna]
/rikkˤi/ [rikkˤɛ]
/kˤina/ [kˤɛ̃na]
/rupzu/ [rupsu]
/sudik/ [sudik]
/ʁinit͡ʃˤ/ [ʝinɪt͡ʃˤ]
/χi/ [çi]
/sadu/ [sadu]
/papfa/ [papfa]
/zaʁi/ [zai]
/χuʁu/ [χuu]
/ira/ [ira]
/χu/ [χu]
/na/ [na]
/tufa/ [tufa]
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